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Characteristics of the published studies. A) Number of studies published according to year. B) Hierarchical representation the characteristics of the published studies. The order of significance from the inside-out is the condition of the participants, whether it is double-blinded, and the meditation technique. The outer most layer is the study itself. All studies included <t>tDCS</t> as the tES technique. MM <t>=</t> <t>mindfulness</t> meditation, MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, MBRP = Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, MBSAT = Mindfulness-Based Substance Abuse Treatment, MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, TW-FM = Treadmill Walking with Focused Meditation. The * represents the studies that have a cross over design. The ** represents the studies where tES and meditation technique are not implemented concurrently.

Sham Tdcs, supplied by PROACT Medical Ltd, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/sham+tdcs/pmc09932362-28-47-9?v=PROACT+Medical+Ltd
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews

sham tdcs - by Bioz Stars, 2026-07

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1) Product Images from "Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans"

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Legend Snippet: Characteristics of the published studies. A) Number of studies published according to year. B) Hierarchical representation the characteristics of the published studies. The order of significance from the inside-out is the condition of the participants, whether it is double-blinded, and the meditation technique. The outer most layer is the study itself. All studies included tDCS as the tES technique. MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, MBRP = Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, MBSAT = Mindfulness-Based Substance Abuse Treatment, MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, TW-FM = Treadmill Walking with Focused Meditation. The * represents the studies that have a cross over design. The ** represents the studies where tES and meditation technique are not implemented concurrently.

Techniques Used:

Study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of the selected published studies . For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: N = # total subjects analyzed, # of female/male, age [mean ± SD], condition, n = # of subjects in the active and combined group. <xref ref-type=

Witkiewitz et al. (2019) , Brown et al. (2020) , and Gibson et al. (2022) all used the same participants for different experiments. In addition, Ahn et al. (2019) and Pollonini et al. (2020) also used the same participants with different analyses. The * on “mean ± SD” number represents those studies that did not include an overall mean ± SD for all subjects combined, and instead was calculated by taking the averages of the means and SD across the included groups. The ** represents the total number of subjects in both active and combined groups. The *** represents the subjects that were dropped from the previous analysis. The intervention column uses “Arm” for cross over studies and “Group” for parallel studies. If not at the same time, the timing of the meditation + tES technique is stated in the parentheses following the condition. Those that have **** mean that the intervention order and type was not clearly stated. The following acronyms are used: tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. For sham meditation techniques type, see Table 3 , Table 4 , and for definitions, see Supplementary Materials Table 2." title="... not clearly stated. The following acronyms are used: tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, MM ..." property="contentUrl" width="100%" height="100%"/>
Figure Legend Snippet: Study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of the selected published studies . For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: N = # total subjects analyzed, # of female/male, age [mean ± SD], condition, n = # of subjects in the active and combined group. Witkiewitz et al. (2019) , Brown et al. (2020) , and Gibson et al. (2022) all used the same participants for different experiments. In addition, Ahn et al. (2019) and Pollonini et al. (2020) also used the same participants with different analyses. The * on “mean ± SD” number represents those studies that did not include an overall mean ± SD for all subjects combined, and instead was calculated by taking the averages of the means and SD across the included groups. The ** represents the total number of subjects in both active and combined groups. The *** represents the subjects that were dropped from the previous analysis. The intervention column uses “Arm” for cross over studies and “Group” for parallel studies. If not at the same time, the timing of the meditation + tES technique is stated in the parentheses following the condition. Those that have **** mean that the intervention order and type was not clearly stated. The following acronyms are used: tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. For sham meditation techniques type, see Table 3 , Table 4 , and for definitions, see Supplementary Materials Table 2.

Techniques Used: Functional Assay

Title, study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of ongoing studies. For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: condition, age target, and expected enrollment (N). The − represents the ongoing studies that do not have a year of expected completion listed. For the meditation techniques specified, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction, BAT = Breathing and Attention Training. In addition, tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Figure Legend Snippet: Title, study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of ongoing studies. For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: condition, age target, and expected enrollment (N). The − represents the ongoing studies that do not have a year of expected completion listed. For the meditation techniques specified, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction, BAT = Breathing and Attention Training. In addition, tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Techniques Used: Comparison, Cannabis, Western Blot

Intervention parameters for selected published studies with healthy participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, TW-FM = treadmill walking with focused meditation. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: vlPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Figure Legend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with healthy participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, TW-FM = treadmill walking with focused meditation. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: vlPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Techniques Used:

Intervention parameters for selected published studies with diseased participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: M1 = primary motor cortex, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Figure Legend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with diseased participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: M1 = primary motor cortex, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Techniques Used:

Techniques Used: Functional Assay

Image Search Results

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of the published studies. A) Number of studies published according to year. B) Hierarchical representation the characteristics of the published studies. The order of significance from the inside-out is the condition of the participants, whether it is double-blinded, and the meditation technique. The outer most layer is the study itself. All studies included tDCS as the tES technique. MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, MBRP = Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, MBSAT = Mindfulness-Based Substance Abuse Treatment, MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, TW-FM = Treadmill Walking with Focused Meditation. The * represents the studies that have a cross over design. The ** represents the studies where tES and meditation technique are not implemented concurrently.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of the selected published studies . For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: N = # total subjects analyzed, # of female/male, age [mean ± SD], condition, n = # of subjects in the active and combined group. Witkiewitz et al. (2019) , Brown et al. (2020) , and Gibson et al. (2022) all used the same participants for different experiments. In addition, Ahn et al. (2019) and Pollonini et al. (2020) also used the same participants with different analyses. The * on “mean ± SD” number represents those studies that did not include an overall mean ± SD for all subjects combined, and instead was calculated by taking the averages of the means and SD across the included groups. The ** represents the total number of subjects in both active and combined groups. The *** represents the subjects that were dropped from the previous analysis. The intervention column uses “Arm” for cross over studies and “Group” for parallel studies. If not at the same time, the timing of the meditation + tES technique is stated in the parentheses following the condition. Those that have **** mean that the intervention order and type was not clearly stated. The following acronyms are used: tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. For sham meditation techniques type, see Table 3 , Table 4 , and for definitions, see Supplementary Materials Table 2.

Techniques: Functional Assay

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Title, study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of ongoing studies. For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: condition, age target, and expected enrollment (N). The − represents the ongoing studies that do not have a year of expected completion listed. For the meditation techniques specified, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction, BAT = Breathing and Attention Training. In addition, tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Techniques: Comparison, Cannabis, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with healthy participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, TW-FM = treadmill walking with focused meditation. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: vlPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with diseased participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: M1 = primary motor cortex, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Techniques:

Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores over time of the active and the sham tDCS groups ( n = 40). The dashed red line represents the mean NRS scores of the active tDCS group, and the solid green line represents the mean NRS score of the sham tDCS group.

Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Article Title: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Pain in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial

doi: 10.3390/jcm12020401

Figure Lengend Snippet: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores over time of the active and the sham tDCS groups ( n = 40). The dashed red line represents the mean NRS scores of the active tDCS group, and the solid green line represents the mean NRS score of the sham tDCS group.

Article Snippet: Forty community-dwelling participants with early-stage ADRD were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1 to receive home-based active tDCS ( n = 20) or sham tDCS ( n = 20) using the order of entrance in the study and a randomization list generated via SAS software (version 9.4) by a statistician with no clinical involvement in this trial.

Techniques:

Mobilization Observation Behaviour Intensity Dementia (MOBID) scores over time of the active and the sham tDCS groups ( n = 40). The dashed red line represents the mean MOBID scores of the active tDCS group, and the solid green line represents the mean MOBID score of the sham tDCS group.

Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine

doi: 10.3390/jcm12020401

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mobilization Observation Behaviour Intensity Dementia (MOBID) scores over time of the active and the sham tDCS groups ( n = 40). The dashed red line represents the mean MOBID scores of the active tDCS group, and the solid green line represents the mean MOBID score of the sham tDCS group.

Techniques:

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